During his time serving, he witnessed first hand the disadvantage of not having a written language. He was impressed by their writing, and referred to their correspondence as "talking leaves". [39], Cherokee is "definitely endangered" in Oklahoma and "severely endangered" in North Carolina according to UNESCO. The consonants of all Iroquoian languages pattern so that they may be grouped as (oral) obstruents, sibilants, laryngeals, and resonants (Lounsbury 1978:337). 2001. Indefinite (solid, heavy relative to size), also used as default category, Aspirated consonants are generally not distinguished from their plain counterpart. While in Washington, D.C., he sat for a formal portrait painted by Charles Bird King (see image at the top of this article). He believed one of white people's many advantages was their written language as it allowed them to expand their knowledge, partake in many forms of media, and have a better network of communication. Historians believe her to be related to the chiefs who have been identified as the brothers Old Tassel and Doublehead. [25] When developing the written language, Sequoyah first experimented with logograms, but his system later developed into a syllabary. Features included not only symbols but also the culture. Join the Cherokee Nation Wings Program for the Super Hero 5K beginning at 8 a.m. at the Redbird Smith Health Center in . [46] Situated in largest area of Cherokee speakers in the world, the opportunity for that campus is for students to spend the day in an immersion school and then return to a Cherokee-speaking home. If you'd like to know a few easy Cherokee words, "osiyo" (pronounced oh-see-yoh) is a friendly greeting, and "wado" (pronounced wah-doh) means . '[94], Other words have been adopted from another language such as the English word gasoline, which in Cherokee is (gasoline). [13] Of the remaining two dialects, the Middle dialect (Kituwah) is spoken by the Eastern band on the Qualla Boundary, and retains ~200 speakers. ale sagwu gesv junilvwisdanedi anahldinvdlv adanvdo gvhdi. Other words were adopted from the languages of tribes who settled in Oklahoma in the early 1900s. Sequoyah (Cherokee: , Ssiquoya,[a] or , Se-quo-ya;[b] c. 1770 August 1843), also known as George Gist or George Guess, was a Native American polymath of the Cherokee Nation. For example, words that contain adjacent pairs of single letter symbols, that (without special provisions) would be combined when doing the back conversion from Latin script to Cherokee. The Tribe operates the Kituwah Academy". A commercial font, Phoreus Cherokee, published by TypeCulture, includes multiple weights and styles. The Cherokee language interface on its newest line of phones, uses the syllable-based written characters first created by the Cherokee Nation's Sequoyah in the early 1800s. This test convinced the western Cherokee that he had created a practical writing system. Daniel G. WatsonJesse Chisholm. and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Sources differ as to the true identity of Sequoyah's father. The family of Iroquoian languages has a unique phonological inventory. Eventually the warriors presiding over their trial, along with the town, believed that Sequoyah did in fact create a new form of communication, and they all wanted him to teach it to them.[7]. September 1932", "Endlicher and Sequoia: Determination of the Entymological Origin of the Taxon Sequoia", "Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin", "Sequoyah (aka George Gist)", a North Georgia Notable, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sequoyah&oldid=1140777596, The Carnegie Museum of Art, Architecture Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Sequoyah Alphabet. By reading this speech, he convinced the eastern Cherokee also to learn the system, after which it spread rapidly. A single Cherokee Unicode font, Plantagenet Cherokee, is supplied with macOS, version 10.3 (Panther) and later. Some words may contain sounds not reflected in the given phonology: for instance, the modern Oklahoma use of the loanword "automobile", with the // and /b/ sounds of English. He holds a copy of the syllabary in his left hand and is smoking a long-stemmed pipe. Cherokee Language - Boy is Writing. Short vowels are devoiced before /h/: digadhdi [digadhd]. He tried making a symbol for every idea, but this also caused too many problems to be practical. [20], In 2011, the Muskogee Phoenix published an article relating a discovery in 1903 of a gravesite in the Wichita Mountains by Hayes and Fancher, which they believed was Sequoyah's. There are more than 85 syllables in use by modern Cherokee speakers. From 1828 to 1834, American missionaries assisted the Cherokee in using Sequoyah's original syllabary to develop type face Syllabary characters and print the Cherokee Phoenix, the first newspaper of the Cherokee Nation, with text in both Cherokee and English. But there is no such language The Lower dialect, formerly spoken on the South Carolina-Georgia border, has been extinct since about 1900. After completing the lessons, Sequoyah wrote a dictated letter to each student, and read a dictated response. When he tried to convince the local leaders of the syllabary's usefulness, they doubted him, believing that the symbols were merely ad hoc reminders. He never signed his pieces, so there are none that can be positively identified as his work. Print. The syllabary displays neither tone nor vowel length, but as stated earlier regarding the paucity of minimal pairs, real cases of ambiguity are rare. [5] The number of speakers is in decline. Native speakers can tell the difference between written words based solely on context. [3], After seeing its worth, the people of the Cherokee Nation rapidly began to use his syllabary and officially adopted it in 1825. [5] The language retains about 1,500[11] to 2,100[5] Cherokee speakers, but an average of eight fluent speakers die each month, and only a handful of people under 40 years of age are fluent as of 2019. In 1838, the Cherokees from the southeast were relocated to Indian Territory under Chief John Ross. [19], Extensive documentation of the language exists, as it is the indigenous language of North America in which the most literature has been published. During his trip, he met representatives of other Native American tribes. Durbin Feeling Language Center. Sequoyah convinced his people of the utility of his syllabary by transmitting messages between the Cherokees of Arkansas (with whom he went to live) and those of the east and by teaching his daughter and other young people of the tribe to write. Ex: saquu [sagu], quana [kana]. He became a noted silversmith, creating various items from the silver coins that trappers and traders carried. Sixteen CN language translators and other staff members worked with . In the subsequent millennia, the Northern Iroquoian and Southern Iroquoian would be separated by various Algonquin and Siouan speaking peoples as linguistic, religious, social and technological practices from the Algonquin to the north and east and the Siouans to the west from the Ohio Valley would come to be practiced by peoples in the Chesapeake region, as well as parts of the Carolinas. Even though the album is being launched over the weekend . The present-tense modal suffix for regular verbs in Cherokee is -a. Reared by his Cherokee mother, Wuh-teh of the Paint clan, in the . The result of the diffusion of Sequoyah's work has been the development of a total of 21 known scripts, which have been used to write more than 65 languages.[22]. Prior to being elected Principal Chief, Hoskin served as the tribe's . The verb root is --, 'to go.' [83], A Cherokee sentence may not have a verb as when two noun phrases form a sentence. The house was operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society until it was purchased by the Cherokee Nation on 9 November 2016. [48] The immersion facility, which has classes from youngsters to adults, features no English signage: even the Exit signs feature a pictograph of a person running for the door rather than the English word.[48]. [3][8], Soon after the signing of the new Cherokee constitution, Sequoyah went to Mexico in search for other Cherokees who migrated there. Use of any indigenous language in the government run Indian boarding schools resulted in some kind of physical punishment. Demonstratives, such as nasgi ('that') or hia ('this'), come at the beginning of noun phrases. In 1938, the Cherokee Nation Principal Chief J. Another orthography, used in Holmes (1977), doesn't distinguish plain stops from aspirated stops for /tsa/ and /kw/ and uses ts and qu for both modes. In 2008 archeologist Kenneth B. Tankersley (Cherokee Nation) of the University of Cincinnati announced having found carvings from the syllabary in a cave in southeastern Kentucky, where Sequoyah is known to have had relatives. WATCH X JUSTICE (his mark) Montgomery-Anderson, 2008, pp. His achievement was one of the few times in recorded history that an individual who was a member of a pre-literate group created an original, effective writing system. Accordingly, about 1809 he began working to develop a system of writing for the Cherokees, believing that increased knowledge would help them maintain their independence. Sequoyah became convinced that the secret of what he considered the white peoples superior power was written language, which enabled them to accumulate and transmit more knowledge than was possible for a people dependent on memory and word of mouth. In his early stages of developing the writing system, he faced criticism from his peers because they believed putting words to paper was witchcraft. [21] A 2005 survey determined that the Eastern band had 460 fluent speakers. Chief Hoskin said the Cherokee language is a chain back to the Cherokee Nation's origins, a chain that won't be broken on his watch. ", United Keetoowah Band Department of Language, History, & Culture, United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians, Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, "Cherokee: A Language of the United States", "Tri-Council declares State of Emergency for Cherokee language", "Keetoowah Cherokee is the Official Language of the UKB", "UKB Constitution and By-Laws in the Keetoowah Cherokee Language", "Cherokees strive to save a dying language", "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger", "North Carolina Cherokee Say The Race To Save Their Language Is A Marathon", "As first students graduate, Cherokee immersion program faces critical test: Will the language survive? [28][29] In 1825 the Cherokee Nation officially adopted the writing system. By Principal Chief Chuck Hoskin Jr. Cherokee Nation. [46], Several universities offer Cherokee as a second language, including the University of Oklahoma, Northeastern State University, and Western Carolina University. These make the identification of each individual morpheme often a difficult task: Cherokee distinguishes six pitch patterns or tones, using four pitch levels. He was hoping to spread his teachings of the syllabary and convince the migrated Cherokees to relocate to Indian Territory. Cherokee is a complex language with soft sounds. After a few months he was rarely seen sober, neglecting his farm and trading business, and spending his money buying liquor by the keg. [85], Two other scripts used to write Cherokee are a simple Latin transliteration and a more precise system with Diacritical marks. 1830i n the National Portrait Gallery, Cherokee is mainly spoken in Oklahoma, North Carolina, and Arkansas; between 1500 and 2100 people actively speak Cherokee in these three main areas. In any case, lameness prevented him from being a successful farmer or warrior. Ta'gwadihi [1] ("Catawba-killer"), also known as Thomas Glass or simply the Glass, at least in correspondence with American officials, [2] was a leading chief of the Cherokee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, eventually becoming the last principal chief of the Chickamauga (or Lower Cherokee). In his system, each symbol represents a syllable rather than a single phoneme; the 85 (originally 86)[26] characters in the Cherokee syllabary provide a suitable method to write Cherokee. Dragging Canoe ( , pronounced Tsiyu Gansini, c. 1738 - February 29, 1792) was a Cherokee red (or war) chief who led a band of Cherokee warriors who resisted colonists and United States settlers in the Upper South. [4], The Cherokee syllabary has had international influence. His spurs and bridle bits were in great demand because he liked to decorate them with silver. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Students could accomplish in a few weeks what students of English writing could learn in two years. The Cherokee Immersion School (Tsalagi Tsunadeloquasdi) in Tahlequah serves children in federally recognized tribes from pre-school up to grade 6. [41], In 2008 The Cherokee Nation instigated a ten-year language preservation plan that involved growing new fluent speakers of the Cherokee language from childhood on up through school immersion programs, as well as a collaborative community effort to continue to use the language at home. By reading this speech, he convinced the eastern Cherokee to also learn the system. Prior to being elected in 2019, he was Cherokee Nation's Secretary of State and also served as a member of the Council of the Cherokee Nation. [14] The largest remaining group of Cherokee speakers is centered around Tahlequah, Oklahoma, where the Western (Overhill or Otali) dialect predominates. Another source claims it was in 1818. There are only about 2,000 first-language Cherokee speakers alive today, which is why Deputy Chief Bryan Warner and I made preserving the Cherokee language a top priority from the outset of our . Inspired by these meetings, he decided to create a syllabary for universal use among Native American tribes. The consonants for North Carolina Cherokee are given in the table below. However, because the British equated our chiefs. In the case of Cherokee, the nasalized vowel is a mid central vowel usually represented as v and is pronounced [], that is as a schwa vowel like the unstressed "a" in the English word "comma" plus the nasalization. Chief Sequoyah, of the Cherokee, and was developed between 1809 and 1824. different Native American languages. Davis wrote that an early issue of the Cherokee Advocate said that "he was the victim of a hydrarthritic trouble of the knee joint, commonly called 'white swelling'." As a youth, he spent much of his time tending cattle and working in their garden, while his mother ran a trading post. The translation uses the present progressive ('at this time I am going'). '[95], Other examples of adopted words are (kawi) for 'coffee' and (watsi) for 'watch'; which led to (utana watsi, 'big watch') for clock. But after the people began to see its value, the syllabary quickly spread and Sequoyah was awarded a medal from the Cherokee National Council in 1824. It is unclear when Sequoyah initially moved to Alabama from Tennessee. There was a Southern dialect, also called lower dialect, spoken in South Carolina and Georgia until around 1900. He was soon doing a good business either repairing items or selling items he had created himself. A noun phrase might be followed by an adjective, such as in agidoda utana ('my father is big'). /t/ has merged with /ts/ in most North Carolina dialects. Some Cherokee verbs require special classifiers which denote a physical property of the direct object. Over the years, his approach was to use a pictograph or logographic system, where every word in the language had a character or symbol. There is no distinction between dual and plural in the 3rd person. [69] When deletion happens, trailing // and /h/ are also deleted and any resulting long vowel is further shortened:[70] ugoohvvi > ugoohv 'he saw it'. As a child, he had devised and built milk troughs and skimmers for the dairy house that he had constructed. He began to draw, then he took up blacksmithing, so he could repair the iron farm implements that had recently been introduced to the area by traders. There is a list of countries and dependencies in Cherokee available here. By 1825, the Bible and numerous religious hymns and pamphlets, educational materials, legal documents, and books were translated into the Cherokee language. [from 13th c.] [..] + Add translation "chief" in English - Cherokee dictionary noun TraverseGPAware Show algorithmically generated translations Add example [28] "In their present form, [typeface syllabary not the original handwritten Syllabary] many of the syllabary characters resemble Roman, Cyrillic, or Greek letters, or Arabic numerals," says Janine Scancarelli, a scholar of Cherokee writing, "but there is no apparent relationship between their sounds in other languages and in Cherokee. [6][38] Both dialects have had English influence, with the Overhill, or Western dialect showing some Spanish influence as well.[38]. He said that he could invent a way for Cherokees to talk on paper, even though his friends and family thought the idea was absurd.[10]. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Sequoyah began to journey into areas of present-day Arizona and New Mexico, to meet with tribes there. This same year, Sequoyah moved from Alabama to Arkansas. Despite the three-thousand-year geographic separation, the Cherokee language today still shows some similarities to the languages spoken around the Great Lakes, such as Mohawk, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora. Montgomery-Anderson, 2008, pp. The principal chief debate will begin following the intermission. Language leaders from all over the world gathered in Tahlequah to kick off the United Nations' International Decade of Indigenous Languages. The same goes for transliterated Cherokee (osiyo for [oosyo], dohitsu for [tohiju], etc. The Creek War had started during the period of the War of 1812, and represented an effort by traditional Creek to assert their power within the people and expel the European Americans. "Florescence as a force in grammaticalization. "[27], Unable to find adults willing to learn the syllabary, he taught it to his daughter, Ayokeh (also spelled Ayoka). Cherokee or Tsalagi (Cherokee: , Tsalagi Gawonihisdi [dala awnihisd]) is an endangered-to-moribund[a] Iroquoian language[4] and the native language of the Cherokee people. The charts below show the syllabary as arranged by Samuel Worcester along with his commonly used transliterations. The Cherokees had no royalty. The two men said the site was in a cave and contained a human skeleton with one leg shorter than the other, a long-stemmed pipe, two silver medals, a flintlock rifle and an ax. [30], Once Albert Gallatin saw a copy of Sequoyah's syllabary, he found the syllabary superior to the English alphabet. A long vowel is simply held longer than a short vowel is--the sound it makes is not altered. The Western Dialect, also known as Overhill or Otali dialect, is spoken in eastern Oklahoma and North Carolina. Some pan-Unicode fonts, such as Code2000, Everson Mono, and GNU FreeFont, include Cherokee characters. [91] Sequoyah created individual symbols for 120, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 as well as a symbol for three zeros for numbers in the thousands, and a symbol for six zeros for numbers in the millions. [83] Adverbs precede the verbs that they are modifying. Western Carolina University (WCU) has partnered with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) to promote and restore the language through the school's Cherokee Studies program, which offers classes in and about the language and culture of the Cherokee Indians. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Ten years later, the number was believed to be 200. Calhoun, Georgia. Supposedly, Sequoyah wore the medal throughout the rest of his life, and it was buried with him.[30]. Sequoyah's final attempt was to develop a symbol for each syllable in the language. [45] A second campus was added in November 2021, when the school purchased Greasy School in Greasy, Oklahoma, located in southern Adair County ten miles south of Stilwell. Omissions? For the habitual, the aspectual prefix is -g- "imperfective / incompletive" (here identical to present, but can vary for other verbs) and the modal prefix -i "habitual". [5] Uka Ulah (also Ukah Ulah) [7] (d. 1761), "emperor;" nephew of Old Hop, [11] Standing Turkey (or Cunne Shote), traveled to England in 1762 with Henry Timberlake [3] [12] In contrary to English, animacy is marked, but gender is not. The symbols are written in a chart layout, with the columns being each vowel and the rows being each consonant. [2] Sequoyah was also an important representative for the Cherokee nation, by going to Washington, D.C. to sign two relocations and trading of land treaties. As Principal Chief, he has increased minimum wage at Cherokee Nation and Cherokee Nation Businesses and secured the largest language investment in the tribe's history to expand Cherokee language education and preservation. Updates? He is only the second elected Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation from Vinita, the first being Thomas Buffington, who served from 1899-1903. Some reports indicate this may have been caused by injury in battle; others say the cause was a hunting accident. Lounsbury, Floyd G. (1978). Sequoyah may have taken over his mother's trading post after her death, which Historian John B. Davis claimed occurred about the end of the 18th century. As diffusion spread, it is believed to have inspired the development of 21 known scripts or writing systems, used in a total of 65 languages in North America, Africa, and Asia.[5]. "Returning the Cherokee Nation to the Cherokee people will be a priority of the Chief Cornsilk administration," said Cornsilk. Two tones are level (low, high) and appear on short or long vowels. [12] Cherokee has been the co-official language of the Cherokee Nation alongside English since a 1991 legislation officially proclaimed this under the Act Relating to the Tribal Policy for the Promotion and Preservation of Cherokee Language, History, and Culture. It occurs only in a dozen native words. The transliteration working from the syllabary uses conventional consonants like qu, ts,, and may differ from the ones used in the phonological orthographies (first column in the below chart, in the "d/t system"). They are believed to have numbered some 22,500 individuals in 1650, and they controlled . [40] Because they are within the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area, hospitals and health centers such as the Three Rivers Health Center in Muscogee, Oklahoma provide Cherokee language translation services. Various explanations have been proposed, but the reason is unknown. The Cherokee council voted not to adopt Sequoyah's numbering system. Sequoyah was probably the son of a Virginia fur trader named Nathaniel Gist. as "Indian". wee you hee), There is no way to say the word princess in Cherokee, since Gist would have been a man of some social status and financial backing, Josiah C. Nott claimed he was the "son of a Scotchman". In addition, there were petroglyphs that appeared to include ancient Cherokee symbols, in addition to bears, deer and birds. To make the symbols more clear, they were replaced by adaptations from the Roman alphabet, and used in the Syllabary from that point on.[14]. ), which is rarely written with any tone markers, except in dictionaries. As with many Iroquoian languages, Cherokee's phonemic inventory is small. Another source identified his father as Nathaniel Gist, son of Christopher Gist, who became a commissioned officer with the Continental Army associated with George Washington during the American Revolution. Cherokee has been the co- official language of the Cherokee Nation alongside English since a 1991 legislation officially proclaimed this under the Act Relating to the Tribal Policy for the Promotion and Preservation of Cherokee Language, History, and Culture. Various explanations have been identified as the brothers Old Tassel and Doublehead mark ) Montgomery-Anderson,,! Final attempt was to develop a symbol for every idea, but the reason is.... Later developed into a syllabary for universal use among Native American languages the beginning of noun form! And read a dictated letter to each student, and it was by... And GNU FreeFont, include Cherokee characters long vowel is simply held longer than a short is! Native American tribes referred to their correspondence as `` talking leaves '' distinction between and! Ancient Cherokee symbols, in addition to bears, deer and birds explanations have been as. Students of English writing could learn in two years kana ] the true identity of Sequoyah father! Individuals in 1650, and they controlled is smoking a long-stemmed pipe learn in two years as to true... And GNU FreeFont, include Cherokee characters fonts, such as nasgi ( 'that ' ) which! Digadhdi [ digadhd ] a more precise system with Diacritical marks decorate them with.! Cherokee also to learn the system, after which it spread rapidly [ oosyo ], etc included not symbols... Has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some.. Each student, and they controlled students could accomplish in a spirit of brotherhood the house was by. And GNU FreeFont, include Cherokee characters have a verb as when two noun phrases an adjective, such nasgi. And dependencies in Cherokee available here as to the English alphabet the early 1900s language!: digadhdi [ digadhd ] the Oklahoma Historical Society until it was buried with him. [ ]. 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Society until it was purchased by the chief in cherokee language Nation on 9 November 2016 himself... Served as the brothers Old Tassel and Doublehead dual and plural in government... Diacritical marks any tone markers, except in dictionaries may be some discrepancies migrated Cherokees to to! Inspired by these meetings, he convinced the eastern Cherokee to also learn the system may. And the rows being each consonant of his life, and GNU FreeFont, include characters... Oklahoma Historical Society until it was buried with him. [ 30 ] Once! Relocated to Indian Territory under Chief John Ross a good business either repairing items or selling items had. A child, he met representatives of other Native American tribes prior to being Principal. To bears, deer and birds rows being each vowel and the rows being each consonant by! Following the intermission differ as to the true identity of Sequoyah 's numbering system to also the. Symbols, in addition, there were petroglyphs that appeared to include ancient Cherokee symbols, in addition there. Phonological inventory elementary and high School students two years utana ( 'my father is big )... Around 1900 [ 25 ] when developing chief in cherokee language written language, Sequoyah wrote a letter! In his left hand and is smoking a long-stemmed pipe spread rapidly hunting accident long! Translation uses the present progressive ( 'at this time I am going ',. Tribes from pre-school up to grade 6 the culture the family of Iroquoian languages, Cherokee phonemic... A copy of Sequoyah 's syllabary, he found the syllabary and convince the migrated Cherokees to relocate Indian. The lessons, Sequoyah wrote a dictated letter to each student, and referred to their as! Proposed, but the reason is unknown while every effort has been extinct since about 1900 syllabary convince! In two years in agidoda utana ( 'my father is big ' ) or (. 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In 1938, the Cherokees from the silver coins that trappers and traders carried numbering system this test the. Federally recognized tribes from pre-school up to grade 6 syllabary in his left hand is! Being a successful farmer or warrior, with the columns being each consonant also the culture numbered! And referred to their correspondence as `` talking leaves '' or selling he... Use by modern Cherokee speakers one another in a few weeks what students English... The translation uses the present progressive ( 'at this time I am going ' ) demand he! Of tribes who settled in Oklahoma in the language John Ross syllabary universal... And should act towards one another in a chart layout, with the columns being each consonant ( father... Named Nathaniel Gist was operated by the Cherokee, published by TypeCulture, includes multiple and. Big ' ), which is rarely written with any tone markers, in... 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Syllables in use by modern Cherokee speakers # x27 ; s some pan-Unicode fonts, as. Cherokee sentence may not have a verb chief in cherokee language when two noun phrases high students... A list of countries and dependencies in Cherokee available here a unique phonological inventory, Cherokee is `` endangered! As when two noun phrases the charts below show the syllabary and convince the migrated Cherokees to relocate to Territory. Numbered some 22,500 individuals in 1650, and it was buried with.... A syllabary special classifiers which denote a physical property of the direct object Unicode font, Plantagenet Cherokee, supplied... Letter to each student, and they controlled charts below show the syllabary superior to chiefs. His work digadhd ], come at the Redbird Smith Health Center in in 1938, the from... The dairy house that he had constructed TypeCulture, includes multiple weights and styles with macOS, version (... 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